216.368.6101 (phone)
216.368.3079 (fax)
My laboratory has worked on neurotrophin signaling for many years with the aim of understanding how nerve growth factor (NGF) elicits its effects on target neurons. We have focused our attention on how activation of the NGF receptor, TrkA, leads to stimulation of the ERK MAP kinases. The MAP kinases are responsible inducing a bewildering variety of effects including changes in cellular morphology, metabolism and gene expression. Our current studies are directed at understanding how NGF orchestrates the assembly of signaling complexes that stimulate ERK activation. We have recently knocked out the ERK1 gene and the characterization of the knockout mice is in progress. In addition, an ERK2 knockout mouse is being generated.
The understanding of the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease is an increasingly important problem as our population ages. The only demonstrated effective drug therapy that reduces the risk for AD and ameliorates its symptoms is long term treatment with non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin or ibuprofen. The biological basis for this effect is unclear but the principal cellular target of these drugs is thought to be microglia. Microglia are derived from a myeloid lineage and are the principal immune effector cell in the brain. Microglia are activated through their interaction with amyloid fibrils. We have investigated in some detail the intracellular signaling events that are stimulated by exposure of microglia to amyloid fibrils and lead to proinflammatory activation of these cells. We are currently investigating the structure of an "amyloid receptor" complex on the surface of these cells and its connection with the signal transduction apparatus. We are also investigating the involvement of the nuclear hormone receptor PPARgamma in regulation of inflammatory gene expression. Our research interests and those of Dr. Karl Herrup merge through studies investigating the regulation of neuronal death in AD.
Publications
Landreth, G.E., E.A. Neale, J.H. Neale, R.S. Duff, M.R. Braford, R.G. Northcutt and B.W. Agranoff. Evaluation of ( 3 H)-proline for radioautographic tracing of axonal projections in the teleost visual system. Brain Res. 91:25-42, 1975.
Landreth, G.E. and B.W. Agranoff. Explant culture of the adult goldfish retina: Effect of prior optic nerve crush. Brain Res. 118:299-303, 1976.
Springer, A.D. and G.E. Landreth. Direct ipsilateral retinal projections in the goldfish ( Carassius auratus ). Brain Res. 124:533-537, 1977.
Landreth, G.E. and B.W. Agranoff. Explant culture of the adult goldfish retina: A model for the study of CNS regeneration. Brain Res. 161:39-52, 1979.
Landreth, G.E., P. Cohen and E.M. Shooter. Calcium transmembrane fluxes and nerve growth factor action on a clonal line of rat pheochromocytoma cells. Nature 283:202-204, 1980.
Cohen, P., A. Sutter, G. Landreth, A. Zimmerman and E.M.Shooter. Oxidation of tryptophan-21 alters the biological activity and receptor binding characteristics of mouse nerve growth factor. J. Biol. Chem. 255:2949-2954, 1980.
Landreth, G.E. and E.M. Shooter. Nerve growth factor receptors on PC12 cells: Ligand induced conversion from low to high affinity states. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 77:4751-4755, 1980.
Gunning, P., G.E. Landreth, M.A. Bothwell and E.M. Shooter. Differential and synergistic action of nerve growth factor and cyclic AMP in PC12 cells. J. Cell Biol. 89:240-245, 1981.
Gunning, P., G. Landreth, P. Layer, M. Ignatius and E. Shooter. Nerve growth factor induced differentiation of PC12 cells: Evaluation of changes in RNA and DNA metabolism. J. Neurosci. 1:368-379, 1981.
Gunning, P.W., P.C. Letourneau, G.E. Landreth and E.M. Shooter. The action of nerve growth factor and dibutryl adenosine 3':5' monophosphate on rat pheochromocytoma cells reveals distinct stages in the mechanisms underlying neurite outgrowth. J. Neurosci. 1:1085-1095, 1981.
Richter-Landsberg, C., G.E. Landreth and E.M. Shooter. Microtubule proteins in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells: Isolation, composition and in vitro phosphorylation. Devel. Neurosci. 6:32-44, 1984.
Nel, A., G.E. Landreth, E. Wang and R. Galbraith. Increased phosphorylation of cytoskeletal associated proteins and tyrosine kinase activity in B lymphocytes after complexing of membrane immunoglobin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 125:859-866, 1984.
Burant, C., M. Treutelaar, G. Landreth and M. Buse. Insulin binding and phosphorylation of skeletal muscle receptors. Diabetes 33:704-708, 1984.
Landreth, G.E. and G. Rieser. Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor-stimulated phosphorylation of a cytoskeletally associated protein in PC12 cells in situ. J. Cell Biol, 100:677-683, 1985.
Landreth, G.E. Coordinate release of myosin and a high molecular weight microtubule associated protein from PC12 cytoskeletons by ATP. Exp. Cell Res. 160:483-491, 1985.
Landreth, G.E., L.K. Williams, and G. Rieser. Association of the epidermal growth factor receptor-kinase with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton of A431 cells. J. Cell Biol. 101:1341-1350, 1985.
Nel, A.E., M. Navailles, G.E. Landreth, P. Goldschmidt-Clermont, G.J. Baldwin and R.M. Galbraith. Phorbol ester induces tyrosine phosphorylation in normal and abnormal human B lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 135:3448-3452, 1985.
Nel, A.E., M. Wooten, G. Landreth, H. Stevenson, P. Miller, and R. Galbraith. TPA and membrane IgG complexing causes translocation of C-kinase in B lymphocytes. Biochemical Journal. 233:145-149, 1986.
Landreth, G.E., L.K. Williams, and C. McCutchen. Wheat germ agglutinin blocks the biological effects of nerve growth factor on PC12 cells. J. Cell. Biol. 101:1690-1694, 1985.
Hazen-Martin, D.J., G.E. Landreth, and J.A.V. Simson. Immunocytochemical localization of nerve growth factor in duct cells of the male and female mouse sublingual and parotid glands. Histochem. J. 19:210-216, 1987.
Landreth, G.E. and L.K. Williams. Nerve Growth Factor stimulates the phosphorylation of a 250 kDa cytoskeletal protein in cell-free extracts of PC12 cells. Neurochem. Res. 12:943-950, 1987.
Steedman, J.G. and G.E. Landreth. Expression of the protooncogene product pp60 src in the developing rat brain. Develop. Brain Res. 45:161-167, 1989.
Roy, L., C. Gittinger and G. Landreth. Characterization of the epidermal growth factor receptor associated with cytoskeletons of A431 cells. J. Cell Physiol. 140:295-304, 1989.
Smith, D.S., C.S. King, E. Pearson, C. Gittinger and G. Landreth. Selective inhibition of NGF-stimulated protein kinases by K252a and 5'methylthioadenosine in PC12 cells. J. Neurochem. 53:800-806, 1989.
Hanekom, C., A. Nel, C. Gittinger, A. Rheeder and G. Landreth. Rapid activation of a MAP2 serine kinase on anti-CD3 treatment of Jurkat and normal human T cells. Biochemical Journal 262:449-456, 1989.
Landreth, G.E., D.S. Smith, C. McCabe and C. Gittinger. Characterization of an NGF-Stimulated protein kinase in PC12 cells which phosphorylates MAP2 and pp250. J. Neurochem. 55:514-523, 1990.
Nel, A., S. Pollack, G. Landreth, J. Ledbetter, L. Hultin, K. Williams, R. Katz, and B. Ackerly. CD3-mediated activation of MAP2 kinase can be modified by ligation of the CD4 receptor. J. Immunology 145:971-979, 1990.
Roy, L., C. Gittinger and G. Landreth. EGF treatment of A431 cells alters the binding capacity and electrophoretic mobility of the cytoskeletally associated EGF receptor. J. Cell Physiol. 146:63-72, 1991.
Nel, A., Hanekom, C., Rheeder, A. and G. Landreth. Stimulation of MAP2 kinase activity in T-lymphocytes by anti-CD3 or Ti-mAb and lectins is partially dependent on protein kinase C. J. Immunol. 144:2683-2689, 1991.
Schanen-King, C., L.K. Williams, A. Nel and G. Landreth. Nerve growth factor stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP2 kinase in PC12 cells. Neuron 6:915-922, 1991.
Cervello, M., V. Lemmon, G. Landreth and U. Rutishauser. Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of neurite fasciculation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88:10548-10552. 1992.
Schanen, C. and G. Landreth. Isolation and characterization of MAP2 kinase isolated from rat brain. Mol. Brain Res. 14:43-50, 1992
Taylor, L., Marshak, D and Landreth, G. Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor activate a protein kinase which phosphorylates the proto-oncogene product c-Fos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:368-372,1993
Jaiswal, R., M. Murphy and G. Landreth. Identification and characterization of an NGF-stimulated MAP kinase activator in PC12 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 268:7055-7063,1993.
Taylor, L., Swanson, K., Kerigan, J., Mobley, W. and Landreth, G. Isolation and characterization of a nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor regulated Fos kinase from PC12 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:308-318, 1994
Nel, A., Taylor, L., Kumar , G., Gupta, S., Wang, S., Williams, L., Liao, O., Swanson, K., and Landreth, G. Activation of a novel serine/threonine kinase which phosphorylates c-Fos upon stimulation of T and B-lymphocytes via antigen and cytokine receptors. J. Immunol. 152:4347-4357, 1994
Myers, M., Murphy, M. and Landreth, G. The dual specificity CLK kinase induces the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:6954-6961 1994.
Jaiswal, R., Moodie, S., Wolfman, A. and Landreth, G. The mitogen activated protein kinase cascade is activated by B-raf in response to nerve growth factor through interaction with p21ras. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:6944-6953, 1994.
Wong, E., Schaefer, A., Landreth, G. and Lemmon, V. Casein Kinase II Phosphorylates the Neural Cell Adhesion molecule L1. J. Neurochem. 66:779-785, 1995.
Wong, E., Schaefer, A., Landreth, G. and Lemmon, V. Involvement of pp90rsk in neurite outgrowth mediated by the cell adhesion molecule L1. J. Biol. Chem. 271:18217-18223, 1996.
Jaiswal, R., Weissinger, E., Kolch, W, and Landreth, G. Nerve growth factor mediated activation of the MAP kinase cascade involves a signaling complex containing B-raf and HSP90. J. Biol. Chem. 271:23626-23633, 1996.
McDonald, D., Brunden, K. and Landreth, G. Beta-amyloid fibrils activate tyrosine kinase-dependent signaling and superoxide production by microglia. J. Neurosci. 17:2284-2294, 1997
McDonald, D., Bamberger, M., Combs, C and Landreth, G. Beta-amyloid fibrils activate parallel MAP kinase pathways in microglia and THP-1 monocytes. J.Neurosci. 18:4451-4460, 1998 .
Goodman, N., Reigh, C. and Landreth, G. Physiological stress and nerve growth factor treatment regulate stress-activated protein kinase activity in PC12 cells. J. Neurobiol. 36: 537-549, 1998.
Swanson, K., Reigh, C. and Landreth, G. ATP-stimulated activation of the MAP kinases through ionotrophic P2X2 purinoceptors in PC12 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273:19965-19971, 1998.
Swanson, K., Taylor, L., Haung, L., Burlingame, A. and Landreth, G. Transcription factor phosphorylation by pp90rsk2: Identification of Fos kinase and NGFI-B kinase I as pp90rsk2. J. Biol. Chem. 274:3385-3395, 1999.
Combs, C., Johnson, D., Cannady, S., Lehman, T. and Landreth, G. Identification of microglial signal transduction pathways mediating a neurotoxic response to amyloidogenic fragments of ß-amyloid and prion proteins. J. Neurosci. 19: 928-939, 1999.
Moeslein, F., Myers, M. and G. Landreth. The CLK family kinases, CLK1 and CLK2, phosphorylate and activate the tyrosine phosphatase, PTP1B. J. Biol. Chem. 274:26697-26704, 1999.
Fitch, M., Dollar, C., Combs, C., Landreth, G and Silver, J. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of glial scarring and progressive cavitation: In vivo and in vitro analysis of inflammation induced secondary injury following central nervous system trauma. J. Neuroscience 19: 8182-8198, 1999.
Combs, C., Johnson, D., Karlo, C., Cannady, S. and Landreth, G. Inflammatory Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease: Inhibition of ß-amyloid stimulated proinflammatory responses and neurotoxicity by PPAR g agonists. J. Neuroscience 20:556-567, 2000.
Schaefer, A., Kamiguchi, H., Wong, E., Beach, C., Landreth, G. and Lemmon , V. Activation of the MAPK signal cascade by the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 requires L1 internalization. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 37965-37973, 1999 .
Menegay, H., Moeslein, F. and Landreth, G. The dual specificity protein kinase CLK3 is abundantly expressed in mature mouse spermatozoa. Exp. Cell Res. 253:463-473, 1999.
Menegay, H., Myers, M., Moeslein, F. and Landreth, G. Modes of regulation and localization of the dual specificity kinase, CLK1. J. Cell Sci. 113:3241-3253, 2000
Akiyama H, Barger S, Barnum S, Bradt B, Bauer J, Cole GM, Cooper NR, Eikelenboom P, Emmerling M, Liebich BL, Finch CE, Frautschy S, Griffin WS, Hampel H, Hull M, Landreth G, Lue L, Mrak R, Mackenzie IR, McGeer PL, O'Banion MK, Pachter J, Pasinetti G, Plata-Salaman C, Rogers J, Rydel R, Shen Y, Streit W, Strohmeyer R, Tooyoma I, Van Muiswinkel FL, Veerhuis R, Walker D, Webster S, Wegrzyniak B, Wenk G, and Wyss-Coray T. Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 21:383-421, 2000.
Heneka, M., Landreth, G. and Feinstein, D. A role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in Alzheimer's Disease. Ann. Neurology 49:276, 2001.
Combs, C.K., Karlo, J.C., Kao, S-C and. Landreth, G.E. b -Amyloid Stimulation of Microglia and Monocytes Results in TNF a -Dependent Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Neuronal Apoptosis.. J. Neurosci. 19:928-939, 2001.
Combs, C., Bates, P., Karlo, J.C. and Landreth, G. Regulation of b -Amyloid Stimulated Proinflammatory Responses by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha. Neurochemistry International, 39:449-57, 2001.
Selcher, J., Nekrasova, T., Paylor, R., Landreth, G and Sweatt, J.D. Mice Lacking the ERK1 isoform of MAP kinase are unimpaired in emotional learning. Learning and Memory, 8:11-19, 2001.
Bamberger, M. and Landreth, G. Microglial Interaction with b -amyloid-Implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:59-70, 2001.
Kao, S-C, Jaiswal, R., Kolch, W. and Landreth, G. Identification of the Mechanisms Regulating the Differential Activation of the MAP Kinase Cascade by Epidermal Growth Factor and Nerve Growth Factor in PC12 cells. J. Biol. Chem., 276:18169-18177, 2001.
Landreth, G. and Heneka, M. Anti-inflammatory actions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurobiol. Aging, 22:937-44, 2001.
Bamberger, M. E. and Landreth, G. E. Inflammation, Apoptosis and Alzheimer's Disease. The Neuroscientist, 8:276-283, 2002.
Hensold, J., Parrott, L., Barth-Baus, D., Myerson, H., Templeton, D. and Landreth, G. Phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 and the eIF4E-binding protein, PHAS I occur through independent mechanisms and are linked to differentiation of hematopoeitic cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 30:1919-28., 2002
Feinstein, F., Bavrilyuk, V., Brosnan, C., Sharp, A., Dumitriscu, L., Landreth, G., Galea, E., Weinberg, G., Pershadsingh, H., Schmidt, S., and Heneka, M.. Prevention and treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by pioglitazone, a PPARgamma agonist. Annals Neurology, 51(6):694-702, 2002.
Zander, T., Kraus, J, Schlegel, U., Feinstein, D., Klockgether, T., Koeingknecht, J. Landreth, G. and Heneka, M.
PPARgamma-mediated apoptotic cell death in human and rat glioma cell lines. J. Neurochem. 81:1052-60, 2001.
Breidert T, Callebert J, Heneka MT, Landreth G, Launay JM, Hirsch EC. Protective action of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist pioglitazone in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem. 82:615-24, 2002
Schaefer AW, Kamei Y, Kamiguchi H, Wong EV, Rapoport I, Kirchhausen T, Beach CM, Landreth G, Lemmon SK, Lemmon V. L1 endocytosis is controlled by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle stimulated by outside-in signaling by L1. J Cell Biol. 157:1223-32, 2002
Bamberger, M., Harris, M., McDonald, D.R., Husemann, J., and Landreth, G. Identification of a cell surface receptor complex for fibrillar b -amyloid that mediates microglial activation. J. Neurosci. 23:2665-2674, 2003.
Selcher, J., Weeber, E., Christian, J., Nekrasova, T., Landreth, G. and Sweatt, D. A role for MAP kinase in physiologic temporal integration in hippocampal area CA1. Learn Mem. 10:26-39, 2003.
Heneka MT , Gavrilyuk V, Landreth GE, O'Banion MK, Weinberg G, Feinstein DL Noradrenergic depletion increases inflammatory responses in brain: effects on IkappaB and HSP70 expression . J. Neurochem. 85:387-398, 2003 .
Yan, Q.,Liu, H., Babu-Khan, S.,Vassar, R., Biere, A., Citron, M. and Landreth, G. Anti-inflammatory drug therapy alters b -amyloid processing and deposition in an animal model of Alzheimer's Disease. J. Neuroscience 23:7504-9, 2003.
Sastre M, Dewachter I, Landreth GE, Willson TM, Klockgether T, van Leuven F, Heneka MT. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists modulate immunostimulated processing of amyloid precursor protein through regulation of beta-secretase. J Neurosci. 23:9796-804, 2003
Dillon, S., Agrawal, A., Van Dyke, T., Landreth, G., McCauley, L., Koh, A., Malixzewski, C., Akira, S., and Paulendran, B. A Toll-like receptor 2 ligand stimulates Th2 responses in vivo, via induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Fos in dendritic cells. J. Immunology 172:4733-4743, 2004.
Sundararajan, S. and G. Landreth. Antiinflammatory properties of PPARgamma agonists following ischemia. Drug News Perspect. 17:229-36, 2004.
Lacombe P, Mathews PM, Schmidt SD , Breidert T, Heneka M, Landreth GE, Feinstein DL, Galea E. Effect of anti-inflammatory agents on transforming growth factor beta over-expressing mouse brains: a model revised. J Neuroinflammation. 1:11, 2004.
Grommes C, Landreth GE, Heneka M. Antineoplastic effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists. Lancet Oncol. 5:419-29, 2004.
Koenigsknecht, J. and G. Landreth. Microglial phagocytosis of fibrillar b -Amyloid through a b 1 integrin-dependent mechanism. J. Neurosci. 24:9834-9846, 2004.
Sundararajan, S., Gambo, J., Victor, N., Wanderi, E., Lust, W. and Landreth, G. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands reduce inflammation and infarction size in transient focal ischemia . Neuroscience 130:685-696, 2004.
Cordle, A. and G. Landreth. HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Attenuate A b -Induced Microglial Inflammatory Responses. J. Neuroscience 25:299-307, 2005.
Grommes C, Landreth GE, Schlegel U, Heneka MT. The non-thiazolidinedione tyrosine-based PPARgamma ligand GW7845 induces apoptosis and limits migration and invasion of rat and human glioma cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 313:806-813, 2005.
Heneka, M., Sastre, M., Dumitrescu-Ozimek, L., Hanke, A., Dewachter, I. , Kuiperi, C., O'Banion, K., Klockgether, T., Van Leuven, F. and Landreth, G. Acute treatment with the PPARg agonist pioglitazone and ibuprofen reduces glial inflammation and A b 1-42 levels in APPV717I transgenic mice. Brain 128:442-453, 2005.
Nekrasova T , Shive C , Gao Y , Kawamura K , Guardia R , Landreth G , Forsthuber TG . ERK1-deficient mice show normal T cell effector function and are highly susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol. 17:2374-2380, 2005.
Koenigsknecht, J. and G. Landreth. Microglial phagocytosis induced by fibrillar beta-amyloid and IgGs are differentially regulated by proinflammatory cytokines. J Neurosci. 25: 8240-8249.
Cordle A , Koenigsknecht-Talboo J , Wilkinson B , Limpert A , Landreth G Mechanisms of statin-mediated inhibition of small G-protein function. J Biol Chem. 2005 Aug 4; E-pub.
Schutz B , Reimann J , Dumitrescu-Ozimek L , Kappes-Horn K , Landreth GE , Schurmann B , Zimmer A , Heneka MT .The oral antidiabetic pioglitazone protects from neurodegeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like symptoms in superoxide dismutase-G93A transgenic mice. J Neurosci. 25:7805-7812, 2005.
Book Chapters
Shooter, E.M., B.A. Yankner, G.E. Landreth and A. Sutter. Biosynthesis and mechanism of action of nerve growth factor. In: Recent Progress in Hormone Research 37:417-446, 1981.
Landreth, G.E., A. Sutter, B.A. Yankner, P.W. Gunning and E.M. Shooter. Mechanism of action of nerve growth factor. In: Cellular Responses to Molecular Modulators , pp. 205-219. Academic Press, N.Y., 1981.
Landreth, G.E., B.A. Yankner, P. Layer and E.M. Shooter. The role of nerve growth factor in the generation of nerve fibers. In: Disorders of the Motor Unit , D.L.Schotland, Ed. Wiley, Inc., 1982.
Shooter, E.M., P. Frey, P.W. Gunning, G.E. Landreth, A. Sutter and B.A. Yankner. Modulation of Neuronal Function by Nerve Growth Factor. In: Molecular Genetic Neuroscience , F.O. Schmitt, S.J. Bird and F.E. Bloom, Eds., pp. 425-435. Raven Press, N.Y. 1982.
Young, A., P.W. Gunning, G.E. Landreth, M. Ignatius and E.M. Shooter. The nerve growth factor-induced differentiation of a pheochromocytoma, PC12 cell line. In: Nervous System Regeneration , B. Haber, Ed., Birth Defects 19:33-46, 1983.
Whitehouse, P., Younkin, S. and Landreth, G. Molecular biology of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecular Genetic Medicine 3:95-136, 1993.
Myers, M., Swanson, K and Landreth, G. Mechanisms of Growth Factor -mediated Signal Transduction in PC12 cells. In: Genetic Mechanisms in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2. , B. Nelkin, Ed., R.G. Landes, Austin , TX., 1996
Landreth, G. and Greenberg, M., Eds. Signal Transduction: Tools and Techniques. Society for Neuroscience Short Course Syllabus, 1996.
Landreth, G. Growth Factors in the Nervous System. In: Basic Neurochemisty, 6th Edition. Siegel, et al. Eds., Lippincot-Raven, Philadelphia , PA , 1998.
Tammariello, S., Landreth, G. and Estus, S. The Role of Jun Kinases in Apoptosis. In: Programmed Cell Death: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. M.P. Mattson, S. Estus and V.M. Rangnekar, Eds. Elsevier Science, pgs 197-214, 2000.
Landreth, G. and Heneka, M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists: Potential therapeutic agents for neuroinflammation. In: Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms and management. P. Wood, Ed. Human Press, pgs. 151-169, 2002.
Landreth, G., Combs, C., Karlo, J. and Sundararajan, S. Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors: From Basic Science to Clinical Applications. In: Inflammatory Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease: b -amyloid stimulated Proinflammatory Responses are Blocked by PPAR g agonists. J. Fruchart, A. Gotto, R. Paoletti, B. Staels and A. Catapano Eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, pgs. 163-168, 2002.
Landreth, G. Growth Factors in the Nervous System. In: Basic Neurochemisty, 7th Edition. Siegel, et al. Eds., Lippincot-Raven, Philadelphia , PA , 2004. |
